This repository was archived by the owner on Apr 14, 2026. It is now read-only.
Repository navigation
Expand file tree
/
Copy path個體經濟學基礎_互動圖表.html
More file actions
1238 lines (1106 loc) · 50.2 KB
/
Copy path個體經濟學基礎_互動圖表.html
File metadata and controls
1238 lines (1106 loc) · 50.2 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-TW">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>個體經濟學基礎 - 互動圖表</title>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Chart.js/3.9.1/chart.min.js"></script>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
body {
font-family: 'Noto Sans TC', 'Microsoft JhengHei', sans-serif;
background-color: #f1f5f9;
color: #1e293b;
padding: 20px;
line-height: 1.6;
}
.container {
max-width: 1400px;
margin: 0 auto;
background-color: white;
border-radius: 16px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);
overflow: hidden;
}
.header {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #16a34a 0%, #15803d 100%);
color: white;
padding: 40px;
text-align: center;
}
.header h1 {
font-size: 2.5em;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.header p {
font-size: 1.1em;
opacity: 0.9;
}
.tabs-container {
padding: 20px 40px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
display: flex;
gap: 10px;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.tab-button {
padding: 10px 24px;
border: none;
background-color: #e2e8f0;
color: #1e293b;
border-radius: 20px;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 1em;
font-family: 'Noto Sans TC', 'Microsoft JhengHei', sans-serif;
font-weight: 500;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.tab-button:hover {
background-color: #cbd5e1;
}
.tab-button.active {
background-color: #16a34a;
color: white;
}
.content {
padding: 40px;
min-height: 600px;
}
.tab-content {
display: none;
}
.tab-content.active {
display: block;
animation: fadeIn 0.3s ease-in;
}
@keyframes fadeIn {
from { opacity: 0; }
to { opacity: 1; }
}
/* Supply & Demand Tab */
.supply-demand-container {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 30px;
}
.chart-section {
background-color: #f8fafc;
padding: 30px;
border-radius: 12px;
}
.chart-wrapper {
position: relative;
height: 400px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.control-panel {
background-color: white;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 8px;
border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
}
.control-group {
margin-bottom: 15px;
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 150px 1fr;
gap: 15px;
align-items: center;
}
.control-group label {
font-weight: 600;
color: #475569;
}
.control-group input[type="range"] {
width: 100%;
cursor: pointer;
}
.value-display {
background-color: #ecfdf5;
padding: 15px;
border-radius: 8px;
border-left: 4px solid #16a34a;
font-weight: 600;
color: #166534;
}
/* Elasticity Tab */
.elasticity-container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
gap: 30px;
}
.elasticity-card {
background-color: #f8fafc;
padding: 25px;
border-radius: 12px;
border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
}
.elasticity-card h3 {
color: #16a34a;
margin-bottom: 20px;
font-size: 1.2em;
}
.elasticity-form {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 15px;
}
.form-input {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 5px;
}
.form-input label {
font-weight: 600;
color: #475569;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
.form-input input {
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
border-radius: 6px;
font-size: 1em;
}
.calculate-btn {
padding: 12px;
background-color: #16a34a;
color: white;
border: none;
border-radius: 6px;
cursor: pointer;
font-weight: 600;
transition: background-color 0.3s;
}
.calculate-btn:hover {
background-color: #15803d;
}
.result-box {
background-color: #ecfdf5;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 8px;
border-left: 4px solid #16a34a;
margin-top: 15px;
}
.result-box h4 {
color: #166534;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.result-value {
font-size: 1.8em;
color: #16a34a;
font-weight: bold;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.interpretation {
font-size: 0.9em;
color: #475569;
font-style: italic;
}
/* Market Structure Tab */
.structure-container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));
gap: 20px;
}
.structure-card {
background-color: #f8fafc;
padding: 25px;
border-radius: 12px;
border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
.structure-card:hover {
box-shadow: 0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
border-color: #16a34a;
}
.structure-card h3 {
color: #16a34a;
margin-bottom: 15px;
font-size: 1.1em;
}
.structure-attribute {
margin-bottom: 12px;
padding-bottom: 12px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
}
.structure-attribute:last-child {
border-bottom: none;
}
.attribute-label {
font-weight: 600;
color: #475569;
font-size: 0.9em;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.attribute-value {
color: #64748b;
margin-top: 5px;
font-size: 0.95em;
}
/* Game Theory Tab */
.game-theory-container {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 30px;
}
.game-selector {
display: flex;
gap: 10px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.game-btn {
padding: 10px 20px;
background-color: #e2e8f0;
border: none;
border-radius: 6px;
cursor: pointer;
font-weight: 500;
transition: all 0.3s;
}
.game-btn.active {
background-color: #16a34a;
color: white;
}
.payoff-matrix {
background-color: #f8fafc;
padding: 30px;
border-radius: 12px;
overflow-x: auto;
}
.payoff-table {
width: 100%;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
.payoff-table th, .payoff-table td {
padding: 15px;
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
}
.payoff-table th {
background-color: #16a34a;
color: white;
font-weight: 600;
}
.payoff-table tr:first-child th {
background-color: #f8fafc;
color: #1e293b;
font-weight: 600;
}
.payoff-table td {
background-color: white;
}
.payoff-cell {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 5px;
}
.payoff-cell small {
color: #64748b;
}
.game-analysis {
background-color: #ecfdf5;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 8px;
border-left: 4px solid #16a34a;
margin-top: 20px;
}
.game-analysis h4 {
color: #166534;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
/* Consumer Surplus Tab */
.surplus-container {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 30px;
}
.surplus-chart {
background-color: #f8fafc;
padding: 30px;
border-radius: 12px;
}
.surplus-controls {
background-color: white;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 8px;
border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));
gap: 15px;
}
.info-box {
background-color: #f0fdf4;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 8px;
border-left: 4px solid #16a34a;
margin-top: 20px;
}
.info-box h4 {
color: #166534;
margin-bottom: 10px;
font-weight: 600;
}
.info-box p {
color: #475569;
font-size: 0.95em;
margin-bottom: 8px;
}
.comparison-table {
width: 100%;
border-collapse: collapse;
margin-top: 15px;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
.comparison-table th {
background-color: #16a34a;
color: white;
padding: 12px;
text-align: left;
}
.comparison-table td {
padding: 12px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
}
.comparison-table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #f8fafc;
}
.footer {
text-align: center;
padding: 20px;
border-top: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
color: #64748b;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="header">
<h1>個體經濟學基礎</h1>
<p>互動式圖表與計算工具</p>
</div>
<div class="tabs-container">
<button class="tab-button active" onclick="switchTab('supply-demand')">供給-需求曲線</button>
<button class="tab-button" onclick="switchTab('elasticity')">價格彈性計算機</button>
<button class="tab-button" onclick="switchTab('market-structure')">市場結構比較</button>
<button class="tab-button" onclick="switchTab('game-theory')">賽局論</button>
<button class="tab-button" onclick="switchTab('consumer-surplus')">消費者剩餘</button>
</div>
<div class="content">
<!-- Tab 1: Supply & Demand -->
<div id="supply-demand" class="tab-content active">
<div class="supply-demand-container">
<h2>供給-需求曲線模擬器</h2>
<div class="chart-section">
<h3>互動圖表</h3>
<div class="chart-wrapper">
<canvas id="supplyDemandChart"></canvas>
</div>
<div class="control-panel">
<div class="control-group">
<label>需求強度</label>
<input type="range" id="demandSlider" min="1" max="100" value="50" onchange="updateSupplyDemand()">
<span class="value-display">需求量: <span id="demandValue">50</span> 單位</span>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label>供給強度</label>
<input type="range" id="supplySlider" min="1" max="100" value="50" onchange="updateSupplyDemand()">
<span class="value-display">供給量: <span id="supplyValue">50</span> 單位</span>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label>市場價格</label>
<input type="range" id="priceSlider" min="10" max="100" value="50" onchange="updateSupplyDemand()">
<span class="value-display">價格: <span id="priceValue">50</span> 元</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="info-box" style="margin-top: 20px;">
<h4>解讀：</h4>
<p><strong>需求曲線</strong>：價格越低，消費者願意買越多。</p>
<p><strong>供給曲線</strong>：價格越高，生產者願意賣越多。</p>
<p><strong>均衡點</strong>：供給量 = 需求量的交點，是市場自然找到的價格。</p>
<p style="margin-top: 10px; color: #166534; font-weight: 600;">調整滑塊觀看當供給或需求變化時，均衡點如何移動！</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Tab 2: Elasticity Calculator -->
<div id="elasticity" class="tab-content">
<h2>價格彈性計算機</h2>
<div class="elasticity-container">
<div class="elasticity-card">
<h3>需求價格彈性</h3>
<div class="elasticity-form">
<div class="form-input">
<label>初始價格 (元)</label>
<input type="number" id="demandP1" value="100" placeholder="如 100">
</div>
<div class="form-input">
<label>新價格 (元)</label>
<input type="number" id="demandP2" value="80" placeholder="如 80">
</div>
<div class="form-input">
<label>初始需求量 (單位)</label>
<input type="number" id="demandQ1" value="500" placeholder="如 500">
</div>
<div class="form-input">
<label>新需求量 (單位)</label>
<input type="number" id="demandQ2" value="600" placeholder="如 600">
</div>
<button class="calculate-btn" onclick="calculateDemandElasticity()">計算需求彈性</button>
<div id="demandResult" class="result-box" style="display: none;">
<h4>計算結果</h4>
<div class="result-value" id="demandElasticityValue">-0.50</div>
<div class="interpretation" id="demandInterpretation"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="elasticity-card">
<h3>供給價格彈性</h3>
<div class="elasticity-form">
<div class="form-input">
<label>初始價格 (元)</label>
<input type="number" id="supplyP1" value="50" placeholder="如 50">
</div>
<div class="form-input">
<label>新價格 (元)</label>
<input type="number" id="supplyP2" value="70" placeholder="如 70">
</div>
<div class="form-input">
<label>初始供給量 (單位)</label>
<input type="number" id="supplyQ1" value="300" placeholder="如 300">
</div>
<div class="form-input">
<label>新供給量 (單位)</label>
<input type="number" id="supplyQ2" value="450" placeholder="如 450">
</div>
<button class="calculate-btn" onclick="calculateSupplyElasticity()">計算供給彈性</button>
<div id="supplyResult" class="result-box" style="display: none;">
<h4>計算結果</h4>
<div class="result-value" id="supplyElasticityValue">0.75</div>
<div class="interpretation" id="supplyInterpretation"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="info-box" style="margin-top: 30px;">
<h4>彈性解釋指南</h4>
<table class="comparison-table">
<tr>
<th>彈性範圍</th>
<th>類型</th>
<th>含義</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>|E| > 1</td>
<td>富有彈性</td>
<td>價格變化 1%，產量變化超過 1%（敏感）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>|E| = 1</td>
<td>單位彈性</td>
<td>價格變化 1%，產量變化 1%（等比例）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>|E| < 1</td>
<td>缺乏彈性</td>
<td>價格變化 1%，產量變化不到 1%（不敏感）</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Tab 3: Market Structure -->
<div id="market-structure" class="tab-content">
<h2>市場結構比較</h2>
<div class="structure-container">
<div class="structure-card">
<h3>完全競爭</h3>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">競爭者數量</div>
<div class="attribute-value">非常多（極多）</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">商品差異</div>
<div class="attribute-value">完全同質</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">進入壁壘</div>
<div class="attribute-value">沒有</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">定價權</div>
<div class="attribute-value">無（價格接受者）</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">長期利潤</div>
<div class="attribute-value">零經濟利潤</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">例子</div>
<div class="attribute-value">農產品市場、菜市場</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-card">
<h3>壟斷性競爭</h3>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">競爭者數量</div>
<div class="attribute-value">很多</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">商品差異</div>
<div class="attribute-value">有差異（品牌、款式）</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">進入壁壘</div>
<div class="attribute-value">低</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">定價權</div>
<div class="attribute-value">有限（受產品差異）</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">長期利潤</div>
<div class="attribute-value">趨向零經濟利潤</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">例子</div>
<div class="attribute-value">手搖飲料、咖啡店</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-card">
<h3>寡占</h3>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">競爭者數量</div>
<div class="attribute-value">少數（2-10 家）</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">商品差異</div>
<div class="attribute-value">有差異或同質</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">進入壁壘</div>
<div class="attribute-value">高</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">定價權</div>
<div class="attribute-value">有（戰略相互依存）</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">長期利潤</div>
<div class="attribute-value">正經濟利潤</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">例子</div>
<div class="attribute-value">手機製造商、航空業</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-card">
<h3>獨占</h3>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">競爭者數量</div>
<div class="attribute-value">一家</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">商品差異</div>
<div class="attribute-value">沒有替代品</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">進入壁壘</div>
<div class="attribute-value">極高（不可進入）</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">定價權</div>
<div class="attribute-value">完全（價格制定者）</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">長期利潤</div>
<div class="attribute-value">高經濟利潤</div>
</div>
<div class="structure-attribute">
<div class="attribute-label">例子</div>
<div class="attribute-value">自來水公司、電力公司</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Tab 4: Game Theory -->
<div id="game-theory" class="tab-content">
<h2>賽局論：互動決策分析</h2>
<div class="game-selector">
<button class="game-btn active" onclick="switchGame('prisoners')">囚徒困境</button>
<button class="game-btn" onclick="switchGame('coordination')">協調賽局</button>
<button class="game-btn" onclick="switchGame('competition')">價格競爭</button>
</div>
<div id="prisoners" class="game-theory-container">
<div class="payoff-matrix">
<h3>囚徒困境：兩家超市的定價決策</h3>
<p style="color: #64748b; margin: 10px 0;">情境：兩家超市競爭，各自決定是否降價搶客戶</p>
<table class="payoff-table" style="margin-top: 15px;">
<tr>
<th>超市 A ↓ / 超市 B →</th>
<th>不降價</th>
<th>降價</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>不降價</th>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 100萬元</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 100萬元</strong>
<small>大家都賺，最理想</small>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 50萬元</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 150萬元</strong>
<small>B搶走A的客戶</small>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>降價</th>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 150萬元</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 50萬元</strong>
<small>A搶走B的客戶</small>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 60萬元</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 60萬元</strong>
<small>都降價，都虧了</small>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="game-analysis">
<h4>納什均衡分析</h4>
<p>雖然「都不降價」對雙方最好（各賺 100 萬），但每家都想：「如果對方不降，我就降搶他生意；如果對方降，我也要降免得虧太多。」結果雙方都選擇降價，各只賺 60 萬——<strong>個人理性導致集體非理性</strong>。這就是囚徒困境的悖論。</p>
<p style="margin-top: 10px; color: #166534;"><strong>出路：</strong>長期合作、建立信任、或透過協議承諾「大家都守價」。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="coordination" class="game-theory-container" style="display: none;">
<div class="payoff-matrix">
<h3>協調賽局：技術標準之爭</h3>
<p style="color: #64748b; margin: 10px 0;">情境：兩大手機廠商選擇作業系統，使用者傾向選擇市佔率高的</p>
<table class="payoff-table" style="margin-top: 15px;">
<tr>
<th>廠商 A ↓ / 廠商 B →</th>
<th>系統 X</th>
<th>系統 Y</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>系統 X</th>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 200萬元</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 200萬元</strong>
<small>統一標準，網路效應強</small>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 50萬元</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 50萬元</strong>
<small>標準不一，使用者體驗差</small>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>系統 Y</th>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 50萬元</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 50萬元</strong>
<small>標準不一，使用者體驗差</small>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 200萬元</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 200萬元</strong>
<small>統一標準，網路效應強</small>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="game-analysis">
<h4>協調賽局特徵</h4>
<p>兩個納什均衡都很好（都賺 200 萬），但問題是達成哪一個？這種情況下，雙方會透過談判、先發制人、或市場領導地位來協調。智慧型手機的 iOS 對 Android 戰就是例子，最後市場分化，部分使用者選 iOS，部分選 Android，形成兩大標準共存。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="competition" class="game-theory-container" style="display: none;">
<div class="payoff-matrix">
<h3>價格競爭：設定售價</h3>
<p style="color: #64748b; margin: 10px 0;">情境：兩家便利店同時決定咖啡價格</p>
<table class="payoff-table" style="margin-top: 15px;">
<tr>
<th>店 A ↓ / 店 B →</th>
<th>高價 (35元)</th>
<th>中價 (25元)</th>
<th>低價 (15元)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>高價 (35元)</th>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 80</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 80</strong>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 40</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 120</strong>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 20</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 150</strong>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>中價 (25元)</th>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 120</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 40</strong>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 100</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 100</strong>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 60</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 130</strong>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>低價 (15元)</th>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 150</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 20</strong>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 130</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 60</strong>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div class="payoff-cell">
<strong>A: 90</strong>
<strong style="color: #16a34a;">B: 90</strong>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="game-analysis">
<h4>價格戰的結果</h4>
<p>每家店各自最優選擇似乎是「低價」（如果對方高價，我低價能賺 150；如果對方低價，我低價只虧但比高價好）。結果兩家都選低價，各賺 90。但如果雙方都能守住「中價」，各能賺 100。這再次顯示：沒有信任與協調的市場競爭往往導致價格戰、利潤縮水。</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Tab 5: Consumer & Producer Surplus -->
<div id="consumer-surplus" class="tab-content">
<h2>消費者與生產者剩餘</h2>
<div class="surplus-container">
<div class="surplus-chart">
<h3>互動圖表：政策對剩餘的影響</h3>
<div class="chart-wrapper">
<canvas id="surplusChart"></canvas>
</div>
</div>
<div class="surplus-controls">
<div class="control-group">
<label>政策類型</label>
<select id="policySelect" onchange="updateSurplus()" style="padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">
<option value="free">完全自由市場</option>
<option value="tax">商品稅</option>
<option value="ceiling">價格上限</option>
<option value="subsidy">政府補貼</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label>政策強度</label>
<input type="range" id="policyStrength" min="0" max="100" value="30" onchange="updateSurplus()">
<span class="value-display">強度: <span id="strengthValue">30</span>%</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="info-box">
<h4>什麼是剩餘？</h4>
<p><strong>消費者剩餘：</strong> 消費者願意付的價格 - 實際付的價格。比如你願意出 200 元買褲子，結果打折到 150 元，你的剩餘就是 50 元——賺到便宜。</p>
<p><strong>生產者剩餘：</strong> 實際售價 - 生產者願意接受的最低價。比如褲子製造成本 80 元，實際賣 150 元，生產者剩餘是 70 元——賺到利潤。</p>
<p style="margin-top: 15px; color: #166534;"><strong>總社會福利 = 消費者剩餘 + 生產者剩餘</strong></p>
<p>政府干預（稅、限價、補貼）通常會減少總福利，因為一些互利的交易沒發生（死重損失）。</p>
</div>
<div class="info-box" style="margin-top: 20px;">
<h4>不同政策的影響</h4>
<table class="comparison-table">
<tr>
<th>政策</th>
<th>對消費者剩餘</th>
<th>對生產者剩餘</th>
<th>淨效果</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>完全自由市場</td>
<td>最大化</td>
<td>最大化</td>
<td>總福利最大</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>商品稅</td>
<td>減少</td>
<td>減少</td>
<td>有死重損失</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>價格上限</td>
<td>增加（但短缺）</td>
<td>大幅減少</td>
<td>有死重損失</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>政府補貼</td>
<td>增加</td>
<td>增加</td>
<td>有死重損失（但可能改善外部性）</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer">
<p>個體經濟學互動圖表 | 最後更新：2026 年 4 月</p>
<p style="margin-top: 10px; font-size: 0.85em;">本工具用於教育目的，幫助學生理解經濟學基本概念</p>
</div>
</div>